1.For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any othergroup, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group. 比如，进入青春期的男生就可能比任何别的人群更想购买电脑游戏，因此，针对这个目的群体制作有吸引力的电脑游戏广告是有意义的。 本句是一个含有so引导的结果状语从句的复合句，同时又含有一个than引导的比较状语从句。 1)likely adj. 可能的；常用于句型：sb/sth be likely to do= it is likely that 可能做 Hes very likely to send me an email tonight. =Its very likely that hell send me an email tonight. 非常可能他今晚会给我发邮件。 The company is likely to set up a branch in our city. =Its likely that the company will set up a branch in our city. 这个公司可能要在大家的城市打造分公司。 2) make sense 有意义；讲得通；make sense of 理解 I cant follow these instructions -- they dont make sense. 我不理解这类指示--根本讲不通嘛。 We read the sentence through, but could not make sense of it. 大家大家把句子看了一遍, 但不知道它说些什么。 3) appeal to吸引；appeal to sb. for sth/appeal to sb. to do sth 呼吁某人干某事；求助于 Blue and red appeal to me, but I dont like gray or yellow. 我喜欢蓝色和红色, 而不喜欢灰色或黄色。 ˙Jack sincerely appealed to his friends to support him. 杰克真切地向朋友请求支持。 We can appeal to the website for the information we need. 大家可以在网上查找大家需要的信息。 本句中的 than any other，意为比其他任何一个，所谈论的对象在比较的范围之内；若不在范围之内，则不需要 other。如： China is larger than any other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲任何别的国家都大。 China is larger than any country in Africa. 中国比非洲的任何国家都大。 2.The more exposed young people are to financial issues, and the younger they become aware of them, the more likely they are to become responsible, forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively. 青年越接触经济问题，他们就能越早地知道这类问题，他们就更大概成为有责任感的、早作计划的成年人，可以有信心地、有效地管理我们的经济问题。 本句含有the+比较级，the+比较级的句式，同时又含有一个who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词adults。 1) expose vt.揭露；使暴露；be exposed to暴露于；接触 We must expose this shameful activity to the newspapers. 大家必须要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。 We should allow children to be exposed to new ideas. 大家应当让孩子们接触新思想。 2）manage v.应对，设法应对；管理；能解决；manage to do设法做成 We need people who are good at managing. 大家需要善于管理的人。 He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time. 他设法把游客准时送到机场。 Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water if they are not managed carefully. 假如掌控小帆船不够小心，它们在水中就容易翻。 the+比较级，the+比较级，表示越越。如： The more we get together, the happier well be. 大家越是多聚会, 大家越快乐。 The longer she worked at it, the more enthusiastic she became. 她越干越来劲。 3.She found that kids praised for trying hard did better on testes and were more likely totake on difficult assignments than those praised for being smart. 她发现由于努力被表彰的孩子比由于聪明被表彰的孩子在考试中表现得更好，更想承担困难的任务。 本句含有一个than引导的比较状语从句。 take on 承担；呈现 He is always ready to take on heavy responsibilities. 他一向乐于挑重担。 The chameleon can take on the colour of its background. 变色龙可呈现出与其背景相同的颜色。 当大家要对两个人或物进行比较时，就使用比较级，比较级的构成：形容词或副词的比较级+than+比较成分，意思是：更些或较。Deeds are better thanwords when people are in need of help. 当其他人需要帮助时，行动胜于语言。 In a word,practice is far more important than book knowledge. 一句话，实践远比书本常识要紧。 4.Perhaps more importantly, the better you are at managing the time you devote to your studies, the more time you will have to spend on your outside interests. 或许更要紧的是，你越擅长管理你的学习时间，你就会有更多的时间用在你课外的兴趣上。 本句含有the+比较级，the+比较级的句式，同时含有两个非限制性定语从句，分别修饰先行词the time和the more time。 1) devote vt.捐躯;专心于；常接time/money/energy/life/oneself作宾语，构成短语be devoted to=devote oneself to捐躯于，致力于；to为介词，后面接名词、代词或者动名词。 Lang Lang devoted a lot of time to playing the piano even when he was a little child. 郎朗小时候就把不少时间都用来弹钢琴。 After her marriage, the singer couldnt devote herself totally to her music. 结婚之后这个歌手没办法全力倾注于音乐。 2）spend some money/ time on sth=spend some money/time (in) doing sth表示花费(时间、资金等)做某事，其中的介词in可以省略。 Every day, most of the students in this school spend three hours on their homework. 这所学校大部分学生天天花三个小时做家庭作业。 It is bad for children to spend a lot of time playing computer games. 用不少时间玩电脑游戏对孩子是有害的。 the+比较级，the+比较级，表示越越，具体使用方法参见第2句。 5.He worked there through his school and university years until 1942, a year after he hadgained a Masters degree at university in chemistry. 他读中学和大学的那段时间都在那里工作，一直到1942年，也就是他在大学里获得化学硕士学位后的那一年。 本句含有一个after引导的时间状语从句，从句中运用了过去完成时态。 gain vt.（经过努力）获得，获得 We gain knowledge by practicing again and again. 大家从反复练习中获得常识。 They realized that passing the exam was no longer enough to gain a place at university. 他们认识到仅仅通过这个考试，并不可以确保在大学获得一席之位。 过去完成时的构成：had done，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是过去的过去。表示过去某一时间可用by, before, after等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。如： His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the gift he had long expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的礼物时，她开心得两眼闪光。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。 6. By the end of the century, we will have discovered other places in our solar systemsuitablefor living and we will have discovered ways to go further into space. 到本世纪末，大家将会在太阳系中发现其他合适人类居住的星球，并将发现进行更远空间探索的办法。 本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，句中运用了以后完成时态。 suitable adj.适合的，适合的；构成短语：be suitable for合适 They dont think this article is suitable for publication. 他们觉得这篇文章不适合发表。 John wanted to change over to a more suitable job. 约翰想换一个愈加合适的工作。 以后完成时的构成：will/shall have done，表示到以后某一时间为止已经完成的动作。常与by + 以后时间，before+以后时间和by the time 引导的表示以后时间的从句连用。如： He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就会写完他的小说了。 When we get there，shell have gone to work. 大家到那里时她会已上班去了。 7. In todays world, winners are celebrated and treated as heroes, but if doping and gene-therapy continue to affect the outcomes of major sporting events, the word hero will have lost all meaning. 在当今世界，大家祝贺获胜者，并把他们看作英雄，但假如服用开心剂和基因治疗继续影响着主要体育项目的成绩的话，英雄就失去了它的全部意义。 本句是由并列连词but连接的复合句，第二个分句运用了以后完成时，同时，包括有一个if引导的条件状语从句。 1) celebrate vt.庆祝 The whole city celebrated the New Year with fireworks. 全城放焰火来庆祝新年。 2) affect vt.影响，感动 I told him firmly that his opinion will not affect my decision. 我坚定的告诉他，他的看法不会干扰我的决定。 The audience present was deeply affected by his speech. 在场的听众都被他的演讲深深地打动了。 以后完成时, 具体使用方法参见第6句。 8.One of the earliest epidemics on record happened about 500-550 AD when the Roman emperor at the time was attempting to rebuild the Roman Empire. 历史上有记载的最早的传染病之一发生在公元500-550年，当时的罗马皇帝正在试图重建罗马帝国。 本句包括一个when引导的限制性定语从句，从句中运用了过去进行时。 attempt v. n.尝试，试图 William attempted to find the solution to the problem. 威廉试图找到问题的解决方法。 He was nearly drowned in the attempt to swim across. 他在试图游到对岸去时差一点被淹死。 过去进行时的构成：was/were doing，表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。常见的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。如： What was he writing all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在写什么？ My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来受伤了。 9. The last few years have seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting far worse to come. 近期的几年里，大家见证了大规模的环境灾难，专家们预测更为紧急的灾难马上发生。 本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，第一个分句运用了目前完成时。 on a grand scale大规模地，大张旗鼓地 We should popularize science on a grand scale. 大家应该大规模普及科学。 目前完成时的构成：has/have done，常表示某一动作或状况发生在过去，对目前有影响，也可表示持续到目前的动作或状况。常见的时间状语：for或since引导的时间状语及before, until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment, in the last few years等。如： We have booked a room for today and tomorrow. 大家已经预约了今天和明天的房间。 The house has been empty for ages. 这幢房屋已经空了相当长期了。（目前仍空着） 10.In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earths climate -- something previously seen as beyond our control. 近期几十年，科学家们达成协议并报道说，人类正在引起地球的气候变化而这在以前看来是大家不可以控制的。 本句是复合句，含有一个that引导的宾语从句，主句中运用了目前完成时。 1) reach (a) consensus 达成协议，达成一致建议 It is very difficult for them to reach a consensus on this issue. 他们在这个问题上非常难获得一致建议。 2) beyond prep. 超越；越过；在较远的一边 The delay was caused by heavy weather and was beyond our control. 延迟是由恶劣天气导致的，大家没办法控制。 The beauty of the scene was beyond compare. 景色之美独一无二。 Linda always wondered what was beyond the horizon. 琳达一直纳闷着地平线的那一边是什么。 目前完成时，具体使用方法参见第10句。 11. Treatments for jellyfish stings and snakebites have also been developed and in the last five years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings and about the same number from snakebites. 治疗水母刺伤和毒蛇咬伤办法也已经研制成功，在过去的五年里只有三人死于水母刺伤，这与被蛇咬伤致死的人数大体相同。 本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，第一个分句运用了目前完成时的被动语态。 develop v.开发，进步，研制（新品） Over the last few years tourism here has developed considerably. 在过去几年里，这里的旅游业获得了相当大的进步。 The two companies have teamed up to develop a new racing car. 那两个公司已合作研制新型赛车。 目前完成时的被动语态的结构就是目前完成时态和被动语态的结构的叠合，即：has/have been done，表示过去发生的动作对目前有影响或持续到目前，并且主语与谓语动词之间为被动关系。 常见的时间状语：for或since引导的时间状语及before, until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment, in the last few years等。如： The office looks nice. It has just been cleaned. 办公室看着非常干净。它刚被打扫过。 The machine has been repaired for two hours. 这台机器已修了两小时了。 12. Adverts are not only made and paid for by business, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that wish to inform or educate the public. 广告可由企业付费制作，也可以由想给公众传达某种信息或教育公众的个人、组织或协会来出资制作。 本句是由并列连词not onlybut also连接的复合句，第一个分句运用了一般目前时的被动语态。 inform vt.公告，告知；构成短语：inform sb of sth公告某人某事 I shall inform you soon of the date of my arrival. 我将把我到达的日期公告你。 I regret to inform you that I am unable to help you. 我遗憾地对你说我没法帮你。 一般目前时的被动语态的构成：is/are done。表示目前常常性、习惯性的动作，并且主语与谓语动词之间为被动关系。 A lot of food is wasted every year. 每年浪费掉不少食物。 Millions of tons of waste and poisonous gases are sent into the air with the smoke. 数百万吨的废气和毒气伴随烟尘散发到空中。 13. Margaret, married with two small children, has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner, cleaning offices in a big building. 玛格丽特，已婚，携带两个孩子，七年来一直在做清洗工，晚上给一座大楼里的办公室打扫卫生。 本句是简单句，运用了目前完成进行时，包括有两个非谓语短语，married with在句中作后置定语，cleaning offices作随着状语。 marry v. (使)结婚；嫁；娶 Because of her beauty, she has managed to marry above her. 因为貌美，她得以嫁给一个地位比她高的人。 Im sure Jack was sincere when he said he wanted to marry you. 我相信杰克说想娶你是真心的。 They got married to each other against their parents wishes. 他两个的结合违背了各自爸爸妈妈的愿望。 目前完成进行时的构成：has/have been doing。表示一个动作从过去某个时间开始，延续到目前，并且还大概持续下去。如： You have been sitting in front of that computer too long. 你在电脑前坐的时间太长了。 No wonder he is so tired. He has been working all day. 难怪他这么累，他工作一天了。 14. Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, genetically modified (GM 转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world, mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. 自从二十世纪九十年代早期初次投入市场以来，转基因食物就不断地在不少国家开发和销售，主如果基于想要结束世界粮食危机。 本句是一个含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句，have been developed and marketed是目前完成时的被动语态形式。 basis n. 基础；构成短语：on the basis of 以为基础 Dont evaluate a person on the basis of appearance. 不要以面貌取人。 Mr. Smith goes to the gym on a regular basis. 史密斯先生按期去健身俱乐部。 目前完成时的被动语态，具体使用方法参见第11句。 15. At nine oclock on Saturday morning, Ill be sitting in the front row and listening to the great professor Willard talking about the future of my brain. 星期六上午九点钟，我将会坐在前排，聆听伟大的威拉德教授谈论大脑的将来进步。 本句是简单句，运用了以后进行时，含有一个复合宾语的结构，talking about在句中作宾补。 listen vi. 听（后面常接介词to） Whatever you said, he simply wouldnt listen. 你如何说他也不听. Were going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午大家要去听报告。 以后进行时的构成：will be doing，表示以后某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在以后某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。常用延续性动词,常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。如： The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs. 部长凑合国际事务发表演讲。 Please dont call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow. Ill be having my classes then. 明天8点到10点之间请勿给我打电话，我那时正在上课。 16. The recent case of an American women, Terri Schiavo, whose husband won a legal battle to have her taken off life support machines after she spent 15 years in a coma-like state, has exposed the many sensitive legal and medical issues that surround the care of coma patients. 近期一位美国妇女Terri Schiavo的案例已经暴露出很多关于对昏迷患者的护理的敏锐的司法和医学问题，她的老公打赢了一场官司，在她在昏迷状况下度过15年之后，把她与她的生命提供机切断了。 本句是复合句，主语是The recent case，谓语是has exposed，关系代词whose在句中引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Terri Schiavo；关系代词that在句中引导一个限制性定语从句，修饰先行词issues，taken off在句中作宾补。 1) sensitive adj.敏锐的；易受影响的 A baby is sensitive to the slightest changes in its mothers voice. 婴儿对妈妈声音的最细小变化都非常敏锐。 My teeth are really sensitive to hot and cold. 我的牙齿对冷热真地非常敏锐。 2) surround vt. 包围；环绕, 围绕 You will discover that you are surrounded by happiness. 你会发现，幸福其实就是在你身边。 The video images made the visitors feel they were surrounded with wild life. 这类图像给参观者产生身处野生动物之中的感觉。 have sth done有三种含义：
1)请其他人做某事，等于get sth done 2)遭受一种不幸3)完成某项工作；在这一结构中，done做宾补，和宾语sth之间是被动关系。如： We had the computer repaired immediately. 大家立刻请人把电脑修好了。 I had my watch stolen last night. 昨晚我的手表被偷了。 另外，have sb do...让某人去做，have sb doing让一直做；在这两个结构中，do和doing和宾语之间都是主动关系。如： I would have my friend wait for me at the gate of the park. 我要朋友在公园门口等我。 The two men had their lights burning all night long. 那两个人让灯通宵亮着。 17. The court gave their approval for the life support machines to be turned off and while this ruling left Terris parents feeling numb and others claiming that life is sacred, which no one has the right to end, many would say it was the right thing to do for Terri. 法院批准把生命供养机关掉，虽然此项裁决使得Terri的爸爸妈妈感到吃惊，而且使别的人声称生命是神圣的，无人有权力将它终止，但很多人都会说这对Terri来讲是一件正确的事情。 本句是复合句,while引导让步状语从句，that引导宾语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词life，feeling numb和claiming宾补，it在句中代替to do for作形式主语。 1)approval n.批准；赞同，赞成 The plan had the approval of the school authorities. 计划得到学校当局的认同。 We expected our plan to meet with approval. 大家期望计划能得到批准。 2)approve v.赞同，赞成 Her father will never approve of her marrying such a lazy fellow. 她爸爸从来不会赞成她嫁给如此的懒人。 1)leave sb doing 让/使某人做，doing在这个结构中作宾补，和宾语sb是主动关系。假如宾语和宾补是被动关系，用leave done。如： Repeated failure had left them feeling very discouraged. 三番五次的失败使他们情绪很低落。 His reply left us all rather confused. 他的回话大家都搞糊涂了。 2）动词不定式或主语从句作主语时，为了维持句子结构的平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真的的主语置于句末。it没具体意义。如： It is a pity that he should refuse my invitation. 他居然拒绝了我的邀请，真是遗憾！ Is it difficult to understand the English program. 理解这个英语节目难吗？ 18. Edmonds is the first African American ever to work as a full-time speechwriter for a U.S. president; he is also the first African American to serve as director of speechwriting for the White House. 埃德蒙兹是第一个非洲裔美国人作为全职演讲撰稿人为美国总统工作。他也是第一位非洲裔美国人作为演讲撰稿人总监为白宫工作。 本句包括有两个由分号分隔开的分句,不定式短语to work和to serve都作定语，修饰the first African American。 serve v. 服务；用作；端上 We found that birch bark could serve as paper. 大家发现桦树皮可以作纸用。 Air hostesses all smile when they serve the passengers. 空姐们为乘客服务时一直满脸笑容。 Please clear your books away so that I can serve dinner. 请把你的书整理一下以便我端上饭菜。 动词不定式可以放在表示次序的词the first, the last等后面与the only, the very, the right等词后面作定语, 且与这类词有逻辑上的主谓关系。结构为：the first/last /only/very/right/best/youngest ...+n./pron. + to do sth，表示第一个/最后一个/唯一的/恰好的/适合的/最好的/最年轻的做某事的人/物。 如： The last man to leave the sinking ship was the captain. 最后一个离开正在下沉的船的那个人是船长。 New Zealand was the first nation in modern times to allow women to vote. 新西兰成为现代史上第一个允许妇女有选举权的国家。 19. The Olympic spirit -- the spirit of competition which emphasizes taking part rather thanwinning -- has been violated by the desire to succeed at all cosplayts. 奥林匹克精神强调参与而不是取胜的竞技精神已经被为成功而不惜所有代价的愿望所亵渎。 本句是复合句,which引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词spirit，to succeed修饰desire，作定语。 rather than 与其；不愿；而不是。用于连接两个并列成分，连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上维持一致 Tom rather than his friends has been chosen. 是汤姆而不是他的朋友们被选中。 The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫实惠不如说它漂亮。 I decided to send an e-mail rather than telephone. 我决定发邮件而不是打电话。 有的名词后常跟不定式作定语，如：time, way, right, reason, effort, chance,movement, ability, desire, tendency等。如： Thank you for giving me a chance to make a speech. 谢谢你给我发言的机会。 Mr. Green has the ability to bring out the best in others. 格林先生能做到扬人之长。 20. When you set out to do something different, theres no end in sight, so to find myself in a position where I now have my own name on a contract of the publisher -- to be a published writer -- is unbelievably rewarding. 当着手去做不一样的事情，看不到结果，所以，发现我们的名字写在出版商的合同上要成为一个出版作家是让人很难置信的回报。 本句是复合句，包括有三个从句，when引导时间状语从句，so引导结果状语从句，where引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词position，to find 在句中作主语。 rewarding adj. 值得的；有报酬的 So far my time with these children has been very rewarding. 到现在为止,我和这类孩子们度过的时光很有价值。 Government service can be a rewarding and secure career. 政府部门的工作可以非常有回报，非常有保障。 动词不定式可以作主语，坐落于句首。假如动词不定式短语过长，为了防止句子头重脚轻，可用 it 作形式主语，而将真的的主语动词不定式短语后置，具体使用方法参见第17句。如： To obey the law is the duty of everybody. 遵守法律每人有责。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the world. 爱人和让人爱是这个世界上最大的幸福。 21. To really develop empathy, youd better volunteer at a nursing home or a hospital, join a club or a team that has a diverse membership, have asharing circlewith your family, or spend time caring for pets at an animal shelter. 要真的开发同理心，你最好在养老院或医院做志愿者，加入一个有多元化的会员的会所或团队，与你的家人有一个共享圈，或者在动物收留所照顾宠物。 本句是复合句，that引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a club or a team，volunteer, join, have和spend是并列的谓语动词，To really develop在句中作目的状语。 volunteer v. 志愿 n. 志愿者 Some graduates volunteer to work in the countryside. 一些大学生自愿到农村去。 She now helps in a local school as a volunteer three days a week. 现在她在当地的一家学校做志愿工作，一周去3天。 不定式to do可以作目的状语（其否定形式：not to do），等于in order to do和so as to do (so as to do只能放在句中，不可以坐落于句首)。如： One should get enough exercise to keep healthy. 为了保持身体健康，一个人要有足够的训练。 To find a better job, a lot of people choose to go to the big cities. 为了找份更好的工作，不少人想到大城市去。 22. Proudly reading my words, I glanced around the room, only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes. 自豪地阅读我写的内容时，我环顾整个房间，却发现我的同学笑得眼泪都要流出来了。 本句是简单句，包括有三个非谓语短语，reading my words 和only to find分别作时间状语和结果状语，bearing作宾补。 glance vi瞥；浏览；后面常跟at, through, over等介词 I picked up the phone book and glanced through it. 我拿起电话簿，匆匆扫了一遍。 He glanced at his watch and left the room. 他匆匆看了一下手表，离开了房间。 动词不定式作结果状语时，一般表示出人预料的结果，常被just或only修饰，置于句末，用逗号和句子分开。如： I went to the classroom, only to find nobody there. 我去了教室，却没见到一个人。 He rushed to the door, only to discover that it was locked and barred. 他冲到门边, 却发现门已被锁去世了。 23. At 12 years old she won a Guinness Record when she became the youngest female to win the womens world title for platform diving at the World Championships in Australia in 1991. 1991年，12岁的伏明霞就获得了一项吉尼斯纪录，当时她参加了在澳大利亚举行的跳台跳水世界锦标赛，成为最年轻的女子世界冠军。 本句是复合句，when在句中引导状语从句，to win the womens world title作定语，修饰the youngest female。 championship n.冠军称号；锦标赛 We are proud for you to win the championship. 大家为你取得冠军而骄傲。 All the gold medals for the championship fell to the team. 本届锦标赛的所有金牌都被这个队夺得。 动词不定式作定语，具体使用方法参见第18句。 24. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee. 把酒精从体内消除是个缓慢的过程，也不可能通过任何手段如洗澡或喝杯茶或咖啡来加速其消除的过程。 本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，To get rid of alcohol和to speed it up在句中都作主语。 1)get rid of 摆脱；除去 How to get rid of air pollution is still a big problem. 怎么样清除空气污染仍然是个大问题。 2)measure n. 尺寸；手段；方法 vt. vi. 测量；有长（宽、高等） A clock measures time. 钟是用来计量时间的。 This room measures ten metres across. 这个房间宽十米。 Mr. Smith asked the tailor to make some new clothes to his own measure. 史密斯先生需要裁缝照他的尺寸做新衣服。 We must take measures to prevent the water from being polluted. 大家需要采取手段预防水被污染。 动词不定式作主语：具体使用方法参见第20句。 25. Having identified the target group, researchers find out as much as possible about those in the target group, such as their likes and dislikes, and how the product wouldfit into their lives. 明确了广告的目的群体后，研究职员就会尽可能获得这个群体的有关信息，比如他们的好恶，与怎么样使商品适应他们的生活。 本句是复合句，how在句中引导定语从句，Having identified the target group是目前分词的完成形式作状语。 identify vt. 辨别，认出 Could you identify your bike among a hundred others. 你能从100自行车中认出你的那一辆吗？ The bad weather is identified as the possible cause of the accident. 坏天气被觉得可能致使了这个事故。 having done可以作状语，此时，它代表的动作发生在句子谓语动作之前，它的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致。如： Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. 因为没尽最大努力，他这次考试没能通过。 Having known the situation well, they could deal with the problem efficiently. 因为对形势的深刻知道，他们有效地处置了问题。
